Calculate gear ratio, output speed, and torque multiplication from driving and driven gear teeth.
In a gear system, speed and torque are inversely related. A 3:1 ratio triples the torque but reduces speed to one-third. This is conservation of energy — power (speed × torque) stays constant minus friction losses.
Low ratios (close to 1:1) for high-speed applications like highway driving. High ratios (3:1 or more) for high-torque needs like climbing hills or heavy machinery. Multi-stage gearing compounds ratios for very large reductions.