Calculate heat transfer rate through conduction using thermal conductivity, area, temperature difference, and material thickness.
Thermal conductivity (k) measures how well a material conducts heat. Metals like copper (385 W/m·K) conduct well, while insulators like fiberglass (0.04 W/m·K) resist heat flow.
Heat transfer increases with higher thermal conductivity, larger area, greater temperature difference, and thinner material. Doubling the thickness halves the heat transfer rate.